The July 2026 signing of a 30-year U.S.-Saudi 123 agreement on civilian nuclear cooperation advanced the process but triggered immediate procedural and political hurdles that shape current trader consensus. President Trump has publicly conditioned the pact’s implementation on Saudi Arabia joining the Abraham Accords and normalizing relations with Israel, a step Riyadh continues to link to a credible path toward Palestinian statehood. The agreement now faces a mandatory 90-session-day congressional review period, during which lawmakers may object over enrichment provisions, safeguards standards, and nonproliferation concerns, while a required two-year joint study precedes any domestic fuel-cycle activities. These layered requirements and the Israel linkage create substantial timing and diplomatic barriers to entry into force before year-end.